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having had

  • 1 having had

    • pošto je imao

    English-Serbian dictionary > having had

  • 2 having had its day

    tak berlaku lagi

    English-Indonesian dictionary > having had its day

  • 3 having established the aim, we found that we had to develop ...

      • установив цель, мы обнаружили, что нам следует разработать...

    English-Russian dictionary of phrases and cliches for a specialist researcher > having established the aim, we found that we had to develop ...

  • 4 doordat ze geen tijd had

    owing to her having/to the fact that she had no time

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > doordat ze geen tijd had

  • 5 he admitted having lied

    English-Dutch dictionary > he admitted having lied

  • 6 he owned to having said that

    he owned to having said that

    English-Dutch dictionary > he owned to having said that

  • 7 Sisyphus (In Greek mythology, the cunning king of Corinth who was punished in Hades by having repeatedly to roll a huge stone up a hill only to have it roll down again as soon as he had brought it to the summit)

    Религия: Сизиф

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Sisyphus (In Greek mythology, the cunning king of Corinth who was punished in Hades by having repeatedly to roll a huge stone up a hill only to have it roll down again as soon as he had brought it to the summit)

  • 8 cyanine dyes having luminescence properties heretofore have had very limited utilization

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > cyanine dyes having luminescence properties heretofore have had very limited utilization

  • 9 pošto je imao

    • having had

    Serbian-English dictionary > pošto je imao

  • 10 kondensiert

    (having had some moisture removed by evaporation: evaporated milk.) evaporated
    * * *
    adj.
    condensed adj.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > kondensiert

  • 11 безаварийный

    having had no accident; accident-free

    безаварийная работа машин — running / work(ing) of machines without breakdowns

    Русско-английский словарь Смирнитского > безаварийный

  • 12 comunidad

    f.
    1 community (grupo).
    comunidad de propietarios o de vecinos residents' association
    la comunidad científica/internacional the scientific/international community
    comunidad Andina Andean Community
    comunidad autónoma (politics) autonomous region, = largest administrative division in Spain, with its own Parliament and a number of devolved powers
    2 communion (cualidad de común) (de ideas, bienes).
    * * *
    1 community
    \
    en comunidad together
    comunidad autónoma autonomous region
    comunidad de propietarios owners' association
    Comunidad Económica Europea European Economic Community
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) [gen] community; (=sociedad) society, association; (Rel) community; And commune ( of free Indians)

    de o en comunidad — (Jur) jointly

    comunidad autónoma — Esp autonomous region

    2) (=pago) [de piso] service charge, charge for communal services
    COMUNIDAD AUTÓNOMA In Spain the comunidades autónomas are any of the 19 administrative regions consisting of one or more provinces and having political powers devolved from Madrid, as stipulated by the 1978 Constitution. They have their own democratically elected parliaments, form their own cabinets and legislate and execute policies in certain areas such as housing, infrastructure, health and education, though Madrid still retains jurisdiction for all matters affecting the country as a whole, such as defence, foreign affairs and justice. The Comunidades Autónomas are: Andalucía, Aragón, Asturias, Islas Baleares, Canarias, Cantabria, Castilla y León, Castilla-La Mancha, Cataluña, Extremadura, Galicia, Madrid, Murcia, Navarra, País Vasco, La Rioja, Comunidad Valenciana, Ceuta and Melilla. The term Comunidades Históricas refers to Galicia, Catalonia and the Basque Country, which for reasons of history and language consider themselves to some extent separate from the rest of Spain. They were given a measure of independence by the Second Republic (1931-1936), only to have it revoked by Franco in 1939. With the transition to democracy, these groups were the most vociferous and successful in their demand for home rule, partly because they already had experience of federalism and had established a precedent with autonomous institutions like the Catalan Generalitat.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( sociedad) community
    b) ( grupo delimitado) community
    c) (Relig) community
    d) ( asociación) association
    2) ( coincidencia) community

    comunidad de ideales/objetivos — community of ideals/objectives

    •• Cultural note:
    In 1978 power in Spain was decentralized and the country was divided into comunidades autónomas or autonomías (autonomous regions). The new communities have far greater autonomy from central government than the old regiones and were a response to nationalist aspirations, which had built up under Franco. Some regions have more autonomy than others. The Basque Country, Catalonia, and Galicia, for example, had political structures, a desire for independence and their own languages which underpinned their claims to distinctive identities. Andalusia gained almost complete autonomy without having had a nationalist tradition. Other regions, such as Madrid, are to some extent artificial, having been created largely to complete the process. The comunidades autónomas are: Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Balearic Islands, the Basque Country (Euskadi), Canary Islands, Cantabria, Castilla y León, Castilla-La Mancha, Catalonia, Extremadura, Galicia, Madrid, Murcia, Navarre, La Rioja, Valencia and the North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla
    * * *
    Ex. Language of documents and data bases will need to be tailored to each community.
    ----
    * asociación de la comunidad = community group.
    * biblioteca de la comunidad = community library.
    * bibliotecario encargado de los servicios dirigidos a la comunidad = community services librarian.
    * Comisión de las Comunidades Europeas (CEC) = Commission of the European Communities (CEC).
    * comunidad académica = academic community, learning community.
    * comunidad académica de investigadores = academic research community.
    * comunidad agrícola = farming community.
    * comunidad a la que se sirve = service area.
    * comunidad autónoma = autonomous region.
    * comunidad bancaria, la = banking community, the.
    * comunidad bibliotecaria, la = library community, the, librarianship community, the.
    * Comunidad Británica de Naciones, la = Commonwealth, the.
    * comunidad científica = knowledge community.
    * comunidad científica, la = scientific community, the, scholarly community, the, research community, the, scientific research community, the.
    * comunidad conectada electrónicamente = online community.
    * comunidad de bibliotecarios y documentalistas, la = library and information community, the.
    * comunidad de educadores, la = education community, the.
    * comunidad de lectores = reader community.
    * comunidad de naciones = comity of nations, commonwealth.
    * comunidad de pescadores = fishing community.
    * comunidad de prácticas comunes = community of practice, community of practice, community of practice.
    * comunidad de proveedores = vendor community.
    * comunidad de proveedores, la = vending community, the.
    * comunidad de usuarios = constituency, user community.
    * comunidad de vecinos = housing association.
    * comunidad dispersa = scattered community.
    * Comunidad Económica Europea (CEE) = European Economic Community (EEC).
    * comunidad editorial, la = publishing community, the.
    * comunidad electrónica = online community.
    * comunidad empresarial, la = business community, the.
    * Comunidad Europea (CE) = EC (European Community).
    * Comunidad Europea de la Energía Atómica (Euratom/EAEC) = European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom/EAEC).
    * Comunidad Europea del Carbón y el Acero (CECA) = European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
    * comunidad internacional, la = international community, the.
    * comunidad laboral = working community.
    * comunidad lingüística = language community, linguistic community.
    * comunidad local = local community.
    * comunidad marginada = deprived community.
    * comunidad marginal = disadvantaged community.
    * comunidad mundial, la = world community, the.
    * comunidad pluralista = pluralistic community.
    * comunidad religiosa = religious community.
    * comunidad rural = rural community.
    * comunidad urbana = urban community.
    * de la propia comunidad = community-owned.
    * Denominación de Productos para las Estadísticas del Comercio Externo de la = Nomenclature of Goods for the External Trade Statistics of the Community and Statistics of Trade between Member States (NIMEXE).
    * derecho de la comunidad = community right.
    * dirigido a la comunidad = community-based.
    * implicación de la comunidad = community involvement.
    * la comunidad en general = the community at large.
    * líder de la comunidad = community leader.
    * miembro de la Comunidad = community member, Community member.
    * no perteneciente a la Comunidad Europea = non-EC.
    * países de la Comunidad Europea = European Communities.
    * países miembro de la Comunidad = Community partner.
    * país miembro de la Comunidad = Community member state.
    * patrocinado por la comunidad = community-sponsored.
    * representante de la comunidad = community activist.
    * residente en la comunidad = community-dwelling.
    * toda la comunidad = the community at large.
    * vida de la comunidad = community life.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( sociedad) community
    b) ( grupo delimitado) community
    c) (Relig) community
    d) ( asociación) association
    2) ( coincidencia) community

    comunidad de ideales/objetivos — community of ideals/objectives

    •• Cultural note:
    In 1978 power in Spain was decentralized and the country was divided into comunidades autónomas or autonomías (autonomous regions). The new communities have far greater autonomy from central government than the old regiones and were a response to nationalist aspirations, which had built up under Franco. Some regions have more autonomy than others. The Basque Country, Catalonia, and Galicia, for example, had political structures, a desire for independence and their own languages which underpinned their claims to distinctive identities. Andalusia gained almost complete autonomy without having had a nationalist tradition. Other regions, such as Madrid, are to some extent artificial, having been created largely to complete the process. The comunidades autónomas are: Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Balearic Islands, the Basque Country (Euskadi), Canary Islands, Cantabria, Castilla y León, Castilla-La Mancha, Catalonia, Extremadura, Galicia, Madrid, Murcia, Navarre, La Rioja, Valencia and the North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla
    * * *

    Ex: Language of documents and data bases will need to be tailored to each community.

    * asociación de la comunidad = community group.
    * biblioteca de la comunidad = community library.
    * bibliotecario encargado de los servicios dirigidos a la comunidad = community services librarian.
    * Comisión de las Comunidades Europeas (CEC) = Commission of the European Communities (CEC).
    * comunidad académica = academic community, learning community.
    * comunidad académica de investigadores = academic research community.
    * comunidad agrícola = farming community.
    * comunidad a la que se sirve = service area.
    * comunidad autónoma = autonomous region.
    * comunidad bancaria, la = banking community, the.
    * comunidad bibliotecaria, la = library community, the, librarianship community, the.
    * Comunidad Británica de Naciones, la = Commonwealth, the.
    * comunidad científica = knowledge community.
    * comunidad científica, la = scientific community, the, scholarly community, the, research community, the, scientific research community, the.
    * comunidad conectada electrónicamente = online community.
    * comunidad de bibliotecarios y documentalistas, la = library and information community, the.
    * comunidad de educadores, la = education community, the.
    * comunidad de lectores = reader community.
    * comunidad de naciones = comity of nations, commonwealth.
    * comunidad de pescadores = fishing community.
    * comunidad de prácticas comunes = community of practice, community of practice, community of practice.
    * comunidad de proveedores = vendor community.
    * comunidad de proveedores, la = vending community, the.
    * comunidad de usuarios = constituency, user community.
    * comunidad de vecinos = housing association.
    * comunidad dispersa = scattered community.
    * Comunidad Económica Europea (CEE) = European Economic Community (EEC).
    * comunidad editorial, la = publishing community, the.
    * comunidad electrónica = online community.
    * comunidad empresarial, la = business community, the.
    * Comunidad Europea (CE) = EC (European Community).
    * Comunidad Europea de la Energía Atómica (Euratom/EAEC) = European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom/EAEC).
    * Comunidad Europea del Carbón y el Acero (CECA) = European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
    * comunidad internacional, la = international community, the.
    * comunidad laboral = working community.
    * comunidad lingüística = language community, linguistic community.
    * comunidad local = local community.
    * comunidad marginada = deprived community.
    * comunidad marginal = disadvantaged community.
    * comunidad mundial, la = world community, the.
    * comunidad pluralista = pluralistic community.
    * comunidad religiosa = religious community.
    * comunidad rural = rural community.
    * comunidad urbana = urban community.
    * de la propia comunidad = community-owned.
    * Denominación de Productos para las Estadísticas del Comercio Externo de la = Nomenclature of Goods for the External Trade Statistics of the Community and Statistics of Trade between Member States (NIMEXE).
    * derecho de la comunidad = community right.
    * dirigido a la comunidad = community-based.
    * implicación de la comunidad = community involvement.
    * la comunidad en general = the community at large.
    * líder de la comunidad = community leader.
    * miembro de la Comunidad = community member, Community member.
    * no perteneciente a la Comunidad Europea = non-EC.
    * países de la Comunidad Europea = European Communities.
    * países miembro de la Comunidad = Community partner.
    * país miembro de la Comunidad = Community member state.
    * patrocinado por la comunidad = community-sponsored.
    * representante de la comunidad = community activist.
    * residente en la comunidad = community-dwelling.
    * toda la comunidad = the community at large.
    * vida de la comunidad = community life.

    * * *
    comunidad comunidad autónoma (↑ comunidad a1)
    A
    1 (sociedad) community
    para el bien de la comunidad for the good of the community
    2 (grupo delimitado) community
    la comunidad polaca the Polish community
    vivir en comunidad to live with other people
    3 ( Relig) community
    4 (asociación) association
    Compuestos:
    (British) Commonwealth
    ( Hist) European Economic Community
    ( Hist) European Community
    European Coal and Steel Community
    B (coincidencia) community
    no existe comunidad de ideales/objetivos entre ambos grupos there is no community of ideals/objectives between the two groups, the two groups do not share common ideals/objectives
    la sublevación de las Comunidades the Revolt of the Comuneros
    * * *

     

    comunidad sustantivo femenino
    community;

    comunidad sustantivo femenino community
    comunidad autónoma, autonomous region
    comunidad de bienes, co-ownership
    Comunidad Europea, European Community

    ' comunidad' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bien
    - CE
    - CECA
    - CEE
    - consejería
    - depender
    - EURATOM
    - homologación
    - primar
    - pueblo
    - reintegrar
    - autonomía
    English:
    Commonwealth of Independent States
    - community
    - fraternity
    - homeowners assocation
    - integrate
    - scattered
    - service charge
    - European
    - general
    - pillar
    - service
    * * *
    1. [grupo] community;
    la comunidad científica/educativa/judía the scientific/education/Jewish community;
    vivir en comunidad to live in a community
    Comunidad Andina Andean Community, = organization for regional cooperation formed by Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela;
    comunidad autónoma autonomous region, = largest administrative division in Spain, with its own Parliament and a number of devolved powers;
    comunidad de base [religiosa] base community, = lay Catholic community independent of church hierarchy;
    Comunidad Británica de Naciones (British) Commonwealth;
    Antes Comunidad Económica Europea European Economic Community;
    la Comunidad Europea, las Comunidades Europeas the European Community;
    la comunidad internacional the international community;
    comunidad linguística speech community;
    comunidad de propietarios residents' association;
    comunidad de vecinos residents' association
    2. [de ideas, bienes] communion
    comunidad de bienes co-ownership [between spouses]
    3. Am [colectividad] commune;
    vive en una comunidad anarquista she lives in an anarchist commune
    COMUNIDAD ANDINA
    The Comunidad Andina de Naciones (CAN – Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela) has its origins in the 1969 “Acuerdo de Cartagena”. Over subsequent decades the various institutions which now form the CAN were set up: the Council of Foreign Ministers in 1979, the Court of Justice in 1983, the Presidential Council in 1990, and the General Secretariat in 1997. The ultimate aim has been to create a Latin American common market. A free trade area was established in 1993, and a common external customs tariff in 1994. While all members have adopted a common foreign policy, more ambitious attempts at integration have been less successful. However, with a combined population of 122 million, and a GDP in 2004 of 300 billion dollars, the community is a significant economic group. In 2004, the leaders of the countries of South America decided to create the “Comunidad Sudamericana de Naciones” (“South American Community of Nations”) or CSN by a gradual convergence between the CAN and Mercosur (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay), plus Chile, Guyana and Surinam. This will create, in time, a vast free-trade area encompassing all of South America.
    * * *
    f community;
    hereditaria heirs pl
    * * *
    : community
    * * *
    comunidad n community [pl. communities]

    Spanish-English dictionary > comunidad

  • 13 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 14 comer

    v.
    no come carne casi nunca she hardly ever eats meat
    ¿qué hay de comer? what's for lunch?; (al mediodía) what's for dinner? (a noche)
    ¡a comer, chicos! lunch is/dinner's/etc ready, children!
    dar de comer to feed
    2 to take, to capture.
    me comió un alfil he took one of my bishops
    3 to eat up.
    les come la envidia they're eaten up with envy
    eso me come mucho tiempo that takes up a lot of my time
    * * *
    1 to eat
    2 (tomar) to have
    3 (color) to fade
    4 (corroer) to corrode
    5 figurado (gastar) to eat away; (combustible) to use, use up
    6 (en ajedrez) to take, capture
    1 (gen) to eat; (a mediodía) to have lunch, lunch; (por la noche) to have dinner, dine
    1 eating
    1 to eat
    2 figurado (saltarse) to omit; (párrafo) to skip; (palabra) to swallow
    3 (color) to fade
    4 (el mar, la tierra) to swallow
    \
    comer como un pajarito familiar not to eat enough to feed a sparrow
    comer como una lima / comer como un regimiento / comer por cuatro familiar to eat like a horse
    come con los ojos his (her, your, etc) eyes are bigger than his (her, your, etc) belly
    comerse a alguien a besos figurado to smother somebody with kisses
    comerse a alguien con los ojos figurado to look at somebody lovingly
    comerse algo con los ojos familiar to devour something with one's eyes
    comerse las uñas to bite one's nails
    ¿con qué se come eso? familiar what the heck is that?
    dar de comer to feed
    echar de comer (a los animales) to feed (the animals)
    me come la envidia figurado I'm green with envy
    no tener qué comer not to have enough to live on
    ser de buen comer to be a good eater
    sin comerlo ni beberlo familiar without having had anything to do with it
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ comida] to eat

    ¿quieres comer algo? — would you like something to eat?

    sin comerlo ni beberlo —

    sin comerlo ni beberlo, me vi envuelto en un caso de contrabando de drogas — without really knowing how, I found myself involved in a drug smuggling case

    coco I, 2), tarro 2)
    2) (=almorzar) to have for lunch, eat for lunch
    3) (=hacer desaparecer)

    • comer terreno, la derecha les está comiendo terreno — the right is gaining ground on them

    4) (=destruir, consumir)
    5) (=escocer)
    6) (Ajedrez) to take
    2. VI
    1) (=ingerir alimento) to eat

    ¿qué hay para comer? — what have we got to eat?, what is there to eat?

    ¡come y calla! — shut up and eat your food! *

    • comer de algo — (=tomar comida) to eat sth; (=vivir) to live off sth

    • comer fuera — to eat out

    comer con los ojos —

    siempre comes con o por los ojos — your eyes are bigger than your stomach

    2) (=tomar la comida principal) esp Esp [a mediodía] to have lunch; LAm [por la noche] to have dinner
    3)

    • dar de comer — to feed

    4) And
    ***
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    I 1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) ( tomar alimentos) to eat

    este niño no me come nada — (fam) this child won't eat anything (colloq)

    comer como un sabañón or (Esp) una lima or (Méx) un pelón de hospicio — (fam) to eat like a horse

    b)

    darle de comer al gato/al niño — to feed the cat/the kid

    come y calla! — shut up and do as you're told

    2)
    a) ( tomar una comida) to eat

    salir a comer (fuera) — to go out for a meal, to eat out

    a comer! — lunch (o dinner etc) is ready!

    ¿qué hay de comer? — ( a mediodía) what's for lunch?; ( por la noche) what's for dinner o supper?

    b) (esp Esp, Méx) ( almorzar) to have lunch, have dinner (BrE colloq)
    c) (esp AmL) ( cenar) to have dinner

    comemos a las nueve — we have o eat dinner at nine

    2.
    comer vt
    1) <fruta/verdura/carne> to eat

    ¿puedo comer otro? — can I have another one?

    mira el suéter, me lo comió la polilla — look at my sweater, the moths have been at it

    como un cáncer que le come las entrañas — (liter) like a cancer gnawing away at his insides

    ¿(y) eso con qué se come? — (Esp fam) what on earth's that? (colloq)

    3) (en ajedrez, damas) to take
    3.
    comerse v pron
    1) ( al escribir) <acento/palabra> to leave off; <línea/párrafo> to miss out; ( al hablar) < letra> to leave off; < palabra> to swallow
    2)
    a) (enf) < comida> to eat

    está para comérsela — (fam) she's really tasty (colloq)

    se lo come la envidia — he's eaten up o consumed with envy

    b) (fam) ( ser muy superior) to surpass, overshadow
    3) (enf) (fam) ( hacer desaparecer)
    a) acido/óxido to eat away (at); polilla/ratón to eat away (at)
    b) inflación/alquiler <sueldo/ahorros> to eat away at
    4) (Col fam) ( poseer sexualmente) to have (colloq)
    II
    masculino eating

    una persona de buen comer — someone who enjoys his/her food

    * * *
    = eat, graze (on), dine, munch, nosh.
    Ex. Even the fearsome shark knows enough not to drive away the pilot fish while it eats, nor does it make a meal of the pilot fish when food is scarce.
    Ex. Whereas, before, the land was dense with stately white pines, now apple, plum, pear, peach, and cherry orchards stood in regimented rows and cattle grazed peacefully.
    Ex. They drove from the airport to the restaurant where he was to dine with the president of the 'Friends of the Library' group.
    Ex. People engage in a wide range of activities in libraries, from lively dialog while munching sandwiches and sipping soda, to flirting and caressing, to the more traditional activities of reading and information searching.
    Ex. Several hundred fans noshed on gourmet sandwiches, pizza, pasta and fancy chips and dips.
    ----
    * comer a dos carrillos = stuff + Posesivo + face.
    * comer Algo para matar el gusanillo = eat + Comida + to keep + Nombre + going.
    * comer carroña = scavenging.
    * comer como una lima = eat like + a horse.
    * comer como un animal = eat like + an animal.
    * comer como una vaca = eat like + a horse.
    * comer como un pajarito = eat like + a bird.
    * comer como un sabañón = eat like + a horse.
    * comer con apetito = eat with + appetite.
    * comer en casa = eat in.
    * comer fuera = eat out.
    * comerse = make + a meal of, prey on/upon, chew up.
    * comerse Algo vivo = eat + Nombre + alive.
    * comerse con los ojos = ogle.
    * comerse el tarro = dwell on/upon.
    * comerse las uñas = bite + Posesivo + fingers, bite + Posesivo + fingernails.
    * comerse los restos de = scavenge.
    * comerse los restos dejados por otro = scavenge.
    * comérselo todo = eat + Posesivo + way through.
    * como el perro del hortelano que ni come ni deja comer = a dog in the manger.
    * dar de comer = feed.
    * descanso para comer = meal break.
    * estar tan bueno que no se puede dejar de comer = moreish.
    * ganas de comer = appetite.
    * hora de comer = mealtime [meal time].
    * juntarse el hambre con las ganas de comer = made for each other, be two of a kind, be a right pair.
    * lugar para comer = eating facility.
    * morder la mano del que + dar de comer = bite + the hand that feeds + Pronombre.
    * naranja de comer = eating orange.
    * no tener ganas de comer = be off + Posesivo + food, be off + Posesivo + oats.
    * salir a comer = eat out.
    * ser muy delicado para comer = be a picky eater.
    * ser muy melindroso para comer = be a picky eater.
    * ser muy tiquismiquis para comer = be a picky eater.
    * sin comerlo ni beberlo = without having anything to do with it.
    * sin comérselo ni bebérselo = without having anything to do with it.
    * somos lo que comemos = we are what we eat.
    * tú te lo guisas, tú te lo comes = you've made your bed, now you must lie in it!.
    * * *
    I 1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) ( tomar alimentos) to eat

    este niño no me come nada — (fam) this child won't eat anything (colloq)

    comer como un sabañón or (Esp) una lima or (Méx) un pelón de hospicio — (fam) to eat like a horse

    b)

    darle de comer al gato/al niño — to feed the cat/the kid

    come y calla! — shut up and do as you're told

    2)
    a) ( tomar una comida) to eat

    salir a comer (fuera) — to go out for a meal, to eat out

    a comer! — lunch (o dinner etc) is ready!

    ¿qué hay de comer? — ( a mediodía) what's for lunch?; ( por la noche) what's for dinner o supper?

    b) (esp Esp, Méx) ( almorzar) to have lunch, have dinner (BrE colloq)
    c) (esp AmL) ( cenar) to have dinner

    comemos a las nueve — we have o eat dinner at nine

    2.
    comer vt
    1) <fruta/verdura/carne> to eat

    ¿puedo comer otro? — can I have another one?

    mira el suéter, me lo comió la polilla — look at my sweater, the moths have been at it

    como un cáncer que le come las entrañas — (liter) like a cancer gnawing away at his insides

    ¿(y) eso con qué se come? — (Esp fam) what on earth's that? (colloq)

    3) (en ajedrez, damas) to take
    3.
    comerse v pron
    1) ( al escribir) <acento/palabra> to leave off; <línea/párrafo> to miss out; ( al hablar) < letra> to leave off; < palabra> to swallow
    2)
    a) (enf) < comida> to eat

    está para comérsela — (fam) she's really tasty (colloq)

    se lo come la envidia — he's eaten up o consumed with envy

    b) (fam) ( ser muy superior) to surpass, overshadow
    3) (enf) (fam) ( hacer desaparecer)
    a) acido/óxido to eat away (at); polilla/ratón to eat away (at)
    b) inflación/alquiler <sueldo/ahorros> to eat away at
    4) (Col fam) ( poseer sexualmente) to have (colloq)
    II
    masculino eating

    una persona de buen comer — someone who enjoys his/her food

    * * *
    = eat, graze (on), dine, munch, nosh.

    Ex: Even the fearsome shark knows enough not to drive away the pilot fish while it eats, nor does it make a meal of the pilot fish when food is scarce.

    Ex: Whereas, before, the land was dense with stately white pines, now apple, plum, pear, peach, and cherry orchards stood in regimented rows and cattle grazed peacefully.
    Ex: They drove from the airport to the restaurant where he was to dine with the president of the 'Friends of the Library' group.
    Ex: People engage in a wide range of activities in libraries, from lively dialog while munching sandwiches and sipping soda, to flirting and caressing, to the more traditional activities of reading and information searching.
    Ex: Several hundred fans noshed on gourmet sandwiches, pizza, pasta and fancy chips and dips.
    * comer a dos carrillos = stuff + Posesivo + face.
    * comer Algo para matar el gusanillo = eat + Comida + to keep + Nombre + going.
    * comer carroña = scavenging.
    * comer como una lima = eat like + a horse.
    * comer como un animal = eat like + an animal.
    * comer como una vaca = eat like + a horse.
    * comer como un pajarito = eat like + a bird.
    * comer como un sabañón = eat like + a horse.
    * comer con apetito = eat with + appetite.
    * comer en casa = eat in.
    * comer fuera = eat out.
    * comerse = make + a meal of, prey on/upon, chew up.
    * comerse Algo vivo = eat + Nombre + alive.
    * comerse con los ojos = ogle.
    * comerse el tarro = dwell on/upon.
    * comerse las uñas = bite + Posesivo + fingers, bite + Posesivo + fingernails.
    * comerse los restos de = scavenge.
    * comerse los restos dejados por otro = scavenge.
    * comérselo todo = eat + Posesivo + way through.
    * como el perro del hortelano que ni come ni deja comer = a dog in the manger.
    * dar de comer = feed.
    * descanso para comer = meal break.
    * estar tan bueno que no se puede dejar de comer = moreish.
    * ganas de comer = appetite.
    * hora de comer = mealtime [meal time].
    * juntarse el hambre con las ganas de comer = made for each other, be two of a kind, be a right pair.
    * lugar para comer = eating facility.
    * morder la mano del que + dar de comer = bite + the hand that feeds + Pronombre.
    * naranja de comer = eating orange.
    * no tener ganas de comer = be off + Posesivo + food, be off + Posesivo + oats.
    * salir a comer = eat out.
    * ser muy delicado para comer = be a picky eater.
    * ser muy melindroso para comer = be a picky eater.
    * ser muy tiquismiquis para comer = be a picky eater.
    * sin comerlo ni beberlo = without having anything to do with it.
    * sin comérselo ni bebérselo = without having anything to do with it.
    * somos lo que comemos = we are what we eat.
    * tú te lo guisas, tú te lo comes = you've made your bed, now you must lie in it!.

    * * *
    comer1 [E1 ]
    vi
    A
    no tengo ganas de comer I'm not hungry o I don't feel like eating anything
    no hay nada para comer there's nothing to eat
    este niño no me come nada ( fam); this child won't eat anything (I make for him) ( colloq)
    las palomas comían de su mano the pigeons were eating out of o from her hand
    el sueldo apenas si les alcanza para comer he hardly earns enough to feed them
    comer como un sabañón or ( Esp) una lima or ( Méx) un pelón de hospicio ( fam); to eat like a horse
    comer como un pajarito ( fam); to eat like a bird
    2
    dar de comer to feed
    todavía hay que darle de comer (en la boca) we still have to spoonfeed him
    darle de comer al gato to feed the cat
    tengo que darles de comer a los niños I have to get the kids something to eat, I have to feed the kids
    nos dieron de comer muy bien they fed us very well
    ni siquiera nos dieron de comer they didn't even give us anything to eat
    darle a algn de comer aparte ( fam); to treat sb with kid gloves
    B
    1
    (tomar una comida): todavía no hemos comido we haven't eaten yet, we haven't had lunch ( o dinner etc) yet
    hace mucho tiempo que no salimos a comer (fuera) we haven't been out for a meal o eaten out for ages
    ¿dónde comieron anoche? where did you go for dinner o have dinner last night?
    no queremos comer en el hotel we don't want to have our meals in the hotel o to eat at the hotel
    ¡niños, a comer! lunchtime ( o dinnertime etc), children!
    ¿qué hay de comer? (a mediodía) what's for lunch?; (por la noche) what's for dinner o supper?
    aquí se come muy bien the food here is very good
    donde comen dos, comen tres there's always room for one more at the table
    2 (esp Esp, Méx) (almorzar) to have lunch, have dinner ( BrE colloq)
    nos invitaron a comer they asked us to lunch
    3 ( esp AmL) (cenar) to have dinner
    comemos a las nueve we have o eat dinner at nine
    nos invitaron a comer they asked o invited us to dinner
    ■ comer
    vt
    A ‹fruta/verdura/carne› to eat
    como mucha fruta I eat a lot of fruit
    no puedo comer chocolate I can't have o eat chocolate
    come un poco de queso have a little cheese
    tienes que comer todo lo que te sirvan you must eat (up) everything they give you
    ¿puedo comer otro? can I have another one?
    no tienen qué comer they don't have anything to eat
    nadie te va a comer ( fam); nobody's going to bite your head off, nobody's going to eat you
    mira el suéter, me lo comió la polilla look at my sweater, the moths have been at it o it's really moth-eaten
    como un cáncer que le come las entrañas ( liter); like a cancer gnawing away at his insides
    sin comerlo ni beberlo or sin comerla ni beberla: me llevé el castigo sin comerlo ni beberlo I got punished even though I didn't have anything to do with it o any part in it
    ¿(y) eso con qué se come? ( fam); what on earth's that? ( colloq), what's that when it's at home? ( BrE colloq)
    B ( fam)
    (hacer desaparecer): ese peinado le come mucho la cara that hairstyle hides half her face
    estos zapatos me comen los calcetines my socks keep slipping down with these shoes
    estos gastos nos han empezado a comer los ahorros these expenses have started eating into our savings
    el alquiler me come la mitad del sueldo the rent swallows up half my salary, half my salary goes on the rent
    si seguimos así nos va a comer la mugre if we go on like this we'll be swallowed up by dirt
    C (en ajedrez, damas) to take
    A ‹acento/palabra›
    te has comido todos los acentos you've left off o forgotten o ( BrE) missed off all the accents
    me comí dos líneas I missed out o skipped two lines
    se comen la `s' final they don't pronounce the final `s', they leave off o drop the final `s'
    se come la mitad de las palabras he swallows o he doesn't pronounce half his words
    B
    1 ( enf) ‹comida› to eat
    cómetelo todo eat it all up
    se lo comió de un bocado he gulped it down in one go
    está para comérsela ( fam); she's really tasty ( colloq), she's a real dish ( colloq)
    no te comas las uñas don't bite your nails
    ¿se te ha comido la lengua el gato? ( fam); have you lost your tongue?, has the cat got your tongue? ( colloq)
    se lo come la envidia he's eaten up o consumed with envy
    se comió cuatro años de cárcel ( fam); he did four years in prison o inside ( colloq)
    comerse a algn vivo ( fam); to skin sb alive ( colloq)
    si se entera mi madre me come viva if my mother finds out she'll skin me alive o have my guts for garters o make mincemeat of me ( colloq)
    2 (estrellarse contra) ‹árbol/poste› to smash o crash into
    3 (ser muy superior) to surpass, overshadow
    nadando y corriendo, él se come a su hermano ( fam); he can beat his brother hollow at swimming and running ( colloq), he knocks spots off his brother when it comes to swimming and running ( colloq)
    C ( fam)
    (hacer desaparecer): el sol se ha ido comiendo los colores de la alfombra the sun has faded the colors in the carpet
    el mar se ha comido casi toda la arena the sea has washed away nearly all the sand
    el ácido se come el metal the acid eats into o eats away the metal
    el colegio de los niños se me come casi todo el sueldo almost all my salary goes on the children's school fees, the children's school fees eat up almost all of my salary
    eating
    una persona de buen comer someone who enjoys his/her food
    el arte del buen comer the art of good eating
    el comer es como el rascar, todo es cuestión de empezar once you start eating, you don't want to stop
    * * *

     

    comer ( conjugate comer) verbo intransitivo


    este niño no me come nada (fam) this child won't eat anything (colloq);
    dar(le) de comer a algn (en la boca) to spoonfeed sb;
    darle de comer al gato/al niño to feed the cat/the kid;
    salir a comer (fuera) to go out for a meal, to eat out;
    ¿qué hay de comer? ( a mediodía) what's for lunch?;

    ( por la noche) what's for dinner o supper?
    b) (esp Esp, Méx) ( almorzar) to have lunch;


    c) (esp AmL) ( cenar) to have dinner

    verbo transitivo
    a) ‹fruta/verdura/carne› to eat;

    ◊ ¿puedo comer otro? can I have another one?;

    no tienen qué comer they don't have anything to eat
    b) (fam) ( hacer desaparecer) See Also→ comerse 3

    c) (en ajedrez, damas) to take

    comerse verbo pronominal
    1
    a) ( al escribir) ‹acento/palabra› to leave off;

    ‹línea/párrafo› to miss out

    ‹ palabra› to swallow
    2 ( enf) ‹ comida› to eat;

    comerse las uñas to bite one's nails
    3 (fam) ( hacer desaparecer)
    a) [acido/óxido] to eat away (at);

    [polilla/ratón] to eat away (at)
    b) [inflación/alquiler] ‹sueldo/ahorros› to eat away at

    comer
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to eat
    2 (en el parchís, etc) to take
    3 (estrechar) ese corte de pelo te come la cara, that haircut makes your face look thinner
    ese mueble te come mucho salón, that piece of furniture makes your living room look smaller
    II verbo intransitivo to eat: hay que darle de comer al perro, we have to feed the dog
    ♦ Locuciones: familiar comer como una lima, to eat like a horse
    familiar comer el coco/tarro a alguien, to brainwash somebody
    sin comerlo ni beberlo, le pusieron una sanción, although he has nothing to do with it, he was disciplined
    ' comer' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acostumbrar
    - aire
    - algo
    - alimentar
    - carrillo
    - cosa
    - dar
    - deshora
    - después
    - empezar
    - emplazar
    - enana
    - enano
    - estomacal
    - exacerbar
    - exigua
    - exiguo
    - gana
    - hambre
    - hasta
    - hincharse
    - jambar
    - le
    - leguminosa
    - menda
    - mierda
    - picar
    - reserva
    - rollo
    - sabañón
    - saciedad
    - saque
    - sopor
    - tarde
    - tarro
    - terminar
    - tragar
    - troglodita
    - tutiplén
    - a
    - acabar
    - ansia
    - apretujado
    - austero
    - barato
    - barbaridad
    - bueno
    - carta
    - chocolate
    - de
    English:
    any
    - avoid
    - before
    - bolt
    - brisk
    - buffet
    - company
    - conscious
    - craving
    - crunch
    - cut out
    - digestion
    - directive
    - eat
    - eat out
    - entertain
    - fancy
    - feed
    - feeding
    - finish
    - for
    - forage
    - free rein
    - full
    - go
    - go out
    - good
    - grab
    - grain
    - guzzle
    - have
    - hour
    - invite
    - just
    - leftovers
    - linger
    - lunch
    - lunchtime
    - mealtime
    - mop
    - nosh
    - out
    - overwhelming
    - pick at
    - plate
    - plough through
    - process
    - put away
    - spoon-feed
    - spot
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [alimentos] to eat;
    no come carne casi nunca she hardly ever eats meat;
    ¿quieres comer algo? would you like something to eat?;
    no tengas miedo, nadie te va a comer don't be afraid, nobody's going to eat you;
    ni come ni deja comer he's a dog in the manger;
    Fam
    comer el coco o [m5] tarro a alguien [convencer] to brainwash sb;
    sin comerlo ni beberlo: sin comerlo ni beberlo, le hicieron jefe he became boss through no merit of his own;
    sin comerlo ni beberlo, nos encontramos en la bancarrota through no fault of our own, we went bankrupt
    2. Esp, Méx [al mediodía] to have for lunch;
    esp Andes [a la noche] to have for dinner;
    hoy hemos comido pescado we had fish today
    3. [en juegos de mesa] to take, to capture;
    me comió un alfil he took one of my bishops
    4. [consumir] to eat up;
    tus gastos nos comen casi todo mi sueldo your expenses eat up almost all of my salary;
    esta estufa come mucha leña this stove uses o gets through a lot of wood;
    los come la envidia they're eaten up with envy;
    eso me come mucho tiempo that takes up a lot of my time;
    me están comiendo los mosquitos the mosquitoes are eating me alive
    ♦ vi
    1. [ingerir alimentos] to eat;
    ahora no tengo ganas de comer I don't feel like eating o I'm not hungry right now;
    comer fuera, salir a comer to eat out;
    yo llevaré la bebida, tú compra las cosas de comer I'll get the drink, you buy the food;
    comer a la carta to eat à la carte;
    ¡a comer, chicos! lunch is/dinner's/ etc ready, children!;
    ¡come y calla! shut up and eat your dinner!;
    dar de comer al perro to feed the dog;
    no sé qué darles de comer a mis hijos esta noche I don't know what to give the children to eat this evening;
    en ese restaurante dan de comer muy bien the food is very good in that restaurant;
    Fam
    ser de buen comer to have a healthy appetite;
    Fig
    tener qué comer to have enough to live on;
    Fam
    comer a dos carrillos to stuff one's face;
    comer como una lima o [m5] un regimiento to eat like a horse;
    comimos como curas o [m5] reyes we ate like kings;
    comer y callar beggars can't be choosers;
    Fam
    dar o [m5]echar de comer aparte a alguien: a mi profesor hay que darle o [m5] echarle de comer aparte you have to be careful how you deal with my teacher, because you never know how he's going to react;
    donde comen dos comen tres there's always room for one more at the table
    2. Esp, Méx [al mediodía] to have lunch;
    ¿qué hay de comer? what's for lunch?;
    en casa comemos a las tres we have lunch at three o'clock at home;
    hemos quedado para comer we've arranged to meet for lunch;
    comer fuera, salir a comer to go out for lunch
    3. esp Andes [a la noche] to have dinner
    * * *
    I v/t eat; a mediodía have for lunch
    II v/i eat; a mediodía have lunch;
    no tienen qué comer they haven’t a thing to eat;
    sin comerlo ni beberlo fam all of a sudden
    * * *
    comer vt
    1) : to eat
    2) : to consume, to eat up, to eat into
    comer vi
    1) : to eat
    2) cenar: to have a meal
    3)
    dar de comer : to feed
    * * *
    comer vb
    1. (en general) to eat [pt. ate; pp. eaten]
    ¿comes pescado? do you eat fish?
    2. (al mediodía) to have lunch
    dar de comer to feed [pt. & pp. fed]

    Spanish-English dictionary > comer

  • 15 unausgeschlafen

    Adj. tired; (übernächtigt) lacking in sleep, not well rested; du bist noch unausgeschlafen you haven’t had enough sleep; unausgeschlafen aussehen look as if one has not had enough sleep, not look well rested
    * * *
    ụn|aus|ge|schla|fen ['ʊn|ausgəʃlaːfn]
    1. adj
    tired
    2. adv
    without having had enough sleep; sich anhören sleepy
    * * *
    un·aus·ge·schla·fen
    [ˈʊnʔausgəʃla:fn̩]
    I. adj tired
    ▪ \unausgeschlafen sein to not have had enough sleep
    II. adv not having slept long enough, not having had enough sleep
    * * *
    unausgeschlafen adj tired; (übernächtigt) lacking in sleep, not well rested;
    du bist noch unausgeschlafen you haven’t had enough sleep;
    unausgeschlafen aussehen look as if one has not had enough sleep, not look well rested

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > unausgeschlafen

  • 16 negar

    v.
    1 to deny.
    niega haber tenido nada que ver con el robo he denies having had anything to do with the robbery
    no voy a negar que la idea me atrae I won't deny that the idea appeals to me
    Ella negó los cargos She denied the charges.
    Ella negó haber robado She denied stealing.
    Ella negó los permisos She denied the permits.
    Ricardo negó una y otra vez Richard denied over and over again.
    2 to refuse, to deny.
    negarle algo a alguien to refuse o deny somebody something
    nos negaron la entrada a la fiesta they refused to let us into the party, they wouldn't let us into the party
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ REGAR], like link=regar regar
    1 (rechazar) to deny
    2 (no conceder) to refuse
    1 to refuse (a, to)
    \
    negar con la cabeza to shake one's head
    negar la entrada a alguien to refuse entrance to somebody, not let somebody in
    negarse a sí mismo,-a to deny oneself
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=desmentir) to deny

    negó que lo hubieran despedido — he denied that they had sacked him, he denied having been sacked

    2) (=rehusar) to refuse, deny (a to)

    nos negaron la entrada al edificio — we were refused o denied entry to the building

    3) frm [+ persona] to disown
    2.
    VI
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <acusación/rumor> to deny

    negar + inf — to deny -ing

    2) ( no conceder) (+ me/te/le etc) to refuse
    3) < persona> to disown

    lo negó tres veces — (Bib) he denied Him three times

    2.
    negar vi
    3.
    negarsev pron
    1) ( rehusar) to refuse

    negarse a + inf — to refuse to + inf

    negarse a que + subj: se negó a que llamáramos un taxi — he refused to let us call a taxi

    2) (refl) <placeres/lujos> to deny oneself
    * * *
    = deny, negate, gainsay, disavow, repudiate, contest, withhold.
    Nota: Verbo irregular: pasado y participio withheld.
    Ex. Borrower records may be marked so that charge-out privileges will be denied except when special permission from the librarian is given.
    Ex. Thus excessive delays in the availability of cataloguing records from the central agency will negate much of the value of a central service.
    Ex. We could even agree that no one in our experience is terribly interested in knowing about all of the works of an author, and this would not gainsay the value of consistent author entry.
    Ex. Feminists disavow biology & biologists who reduce human biology to anatomy.
    Ex. The author attempts to repudiate Cherniavsky's argument to show that machine intelligence cannot equal human intelligence.
    Ex. Unfortunately I have not been able to find another survey which incorporates data which would support or contest the conclusions of the Luton survey.
    Ex. It was agreed to withhold supplies from booksellers who offered new books at a discount greater than the 10 per cent usually allowed for cash.
    ----
    * negar la entrada = turn + Nombre + away.
    * negarse = refuse, baulk at [balk at].
    * negarse a = resist.
    * negarse a aceptar = disavow.
    * negarse a hacer un pedido a = withhold + supply from.
    * negarse a + Infinitivo = won't + Verbo.
    * negarse rotundamente = baulk at [balk at].
    * negar tener relación con = disclaim + connection with.
    * negar una hipótesis = negate + hypothesis.
    * negar un rumor = scoff at + the idea.
    * no poderse negar que = there + be + no denying that.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <acusación/rumor> to deny

    negar + inf — to deny -ing

    2) ( no conceder) (+ me/te/le etc) to refuse
    3) < persona> to disown

    lo negó tres veces — (Bib) he denied Him three times

    2.
    negar vi
    3.
    negarsev pron
    1) ( rehusar) to refuse

    negarse a + inf — to refuse to + inf

    negarse a que + subj: se negó a que llamáramos un taxi — he refused to let us call a taxi

    2) (refl) <placeres/lujos> to deny oneself
    * * *
    = deny, negate, gainsay, disavow, repudiate, contest, withhold.
    Nota: Verbo irregular: pasado y participio withheld.

    Ex: Borrower records may be marked so that charge-out privileges will be denied except when special permission from the librarian is given.

    Ex: Thus excessive delays in the availability of cataloguing records from the central agency will negate much of the value of a central service.
    Ex: We could even agree that no one in our experience is terribly interested in knowing about all of the works of an author, and this would not gainsay the value of consistent author entry.
    Ex: Feminists disavow biology & biologists who reduce human biology to anatomy.
    Ex: The author attempts to repudiate Cherniavsky's argument to show that machine intelligence cannot equal human intelligence.
    Ex: Unfortunately I have not been able to find another survey which incorporates data which would support or contest the conclusions of the Luton survey.
    Ex: It was agreed to withhold supplies from booksellers who offered new books at a discount greater than the 10 per cent usually allowed for cash.
    * negar la entrada = turn + Nombre + away.
    * negarse = refuse, baulk at [balk at].
    * negarse a = resist.
    * negarse a aceptar = disavow.
    * negarse a hacer un pedido a = withhold + supply from.
    * negarse a + Infinitivo = won't + Verbo.
    * negarse rotundamente = baulk at [balk at].
    * negar tener relación con = disclaim + connection with.
    * negar una hipótesis = negate + hypothesis.
    * negar un rumor = scoff at + the idea.
    * no poderse negar que = there + be + no denying that.

    * * *
    negar [A7 ]
    vt
    A ‹acusación/rumor/alegación› to deny
    negó la existencia del documento she denied the existence of the document, she denied that the document existed
    no puedo negar que me gusta I can't deny o I have to admit (that) I like it
    negar QUE + SUBJ:
    no niego que haya mejorado I don't deny that she's improved, I'm not saying she hasn't improved
    negó que la Tierra fuera plana he disputed the idea that the earth was flat
    negar + INF:
    niega habértelo dicho she denies having told you, she denies that she told you
    B (denegar, no conceder) (+ me/te/le etc) to refuse
    les negaron el uso de las instalaciones portuarias they were refused o denied use of the port facilities
    sigue negándome el saludo he still doesn't say o he still refuses to say hello to me
    no le puedo negar este favor I can't refuse him this favor
    ¿cómo se lo puedes negar? how can you say no (to him)?, how can you refuse (him) o turn him down?
    C ‹persona› to disown
    su propia madre lo ha negado his own mother has disowned him
    lo negó tres veces ( Bib) he denied Him three times
    ■ negar
    vi
    negar con la cabeza to shake one's head
    A (rehusar) to refuse negarse A + INF to refuse to + INF
    se negó rotundamente a recibirlo she refused point blank to see him
    negarse A QUE + SUBJ:
    se negó a que llamáramos un taxi he refused to let us call a taxi
    B ( refl) ‹placeres/lujos› to deny oneself
    se niega todo para dárselo a sus hijos she goes without all kinds of things so that her children can have them
    * * *

     

    negar ( conjugate negar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹acusación/rumor› to deny;


    niega habértelo dicho she denies having told you
    b) ( no conceder) ‹permiso/favor› to refuse;


    verbo intransitivo:

    negarse verbo pronominal ( rehusar) to refuse;
    negarse a hacer algo to refuse to do sth;
    se negó a que llamáramos a un médico he refused to let us call a doctor
    negar verbo transitivo
    1 to deny: no me niegues que te gusta, don't deny you like her ➣ Ver nota en deny
    2 (rechazar) to refuse, deny: me negó su apoyo, he refused to help me
    es tan rencorosa que me niega el saludo, he's so bitter that he refuses to greet me

    ' negar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    renegar
    - evidencia
    - niega
    - sacudir
    English:
    deny
    - hotly
    - negate
    - repudiate
    - shrug off
    - shake
    - withhold
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [rechazar] to deny;
    niega que existan los ovnis he denies the existence of UFOs;
    niega haber tenido nada que ver con el robo he denies having had anything to do with the robbery;
    no voy a negar que la idea me atrae I won't deny that the idea appeals to me
    2. [denegar] to refuse, to deny;
    le negaron el permiso de trabajo they refused o denied him a work permit;
    nos negaron la entrada a la fiesta they refused to let us into the party, they wouldn't let us into the party;
    no le puedo negar ese favor I can't refuse o deny her that favour;
    me niega el saludo she won't say hello to me
    ♦ vi
    negar con la cabeza to shake one's head
    * * *
    v/t
    1 acusación deny
    2 (no conceder) refuse
    * * *
    negar {49} vt
    1) : to deny
    2) rehusar: to refuse
    3) : to disown
    * * *
    negar vb
    1. (en general) to deny [pt. & pp. denied]
    2. (permiso, etc) to refuse
    negar con la cabeza to shake your head [pt. shook; pp. shaken]

    Spanish-English dictionary > negar

  • 17 m|ieć

    impf (mam, masz) Ⅰ vt 1. (posiadać) (na własność) to have (got), to own [dom, samochód, mikrofalówkę]; (do dyspozycji) to have (got); (prowadzić) to run [firmę, warsztat]
    - mają dom na wsi they have a. own a house in the country
    - miał po ojcu warsztat samochodowy he had a. owned a garage left to him by his father
    - nasze muzeum ma dużą kolekcję impresjonistów our museum has (got) a large collection of Impressionist paintings
    - mam dla ciebie prezent/tę książkę o kotach I’ve got a present/that book about cats for you
    - miał wszystkiego dwie pary butów he only had two pairs of shoes
    - ubrała się w to, co miała she put on what she had
    - nie mam psa I don’t have a. I haven’t got a dog
    - nie mamy ani telewizora, ani pralki we have neither a TV nor a washing machine
    - wydawnictwo nie ma funduszy na zatrudnienie specjalisty the publishers can’t afford to employ a specialist
    - nie mam nic do jedzenia I’ve got nothing to eat, I don’t have anything to eat
    - czy oni mają namiot? have they got a tent?, do they have a tent?
    - masz scyzoryk? have you got a penknife?
    - czy ma pan bagaż? have you got any luggage?
    - czy macie gaz? have you got gas?
    - mieć coś przy sobie to have sth on one
    - masz przy sobie jakieś drobne? have you got any change on you?
    - gdzie masz klucze/moją książkę? what have you done with the keys/my book?
    - gdzie masz rower? where’s your bike? pot.
    - mieć na coś to have money for sth
    - miałem tylko na jedno piwo I only had for one beer
    - (on) ma na przyjemności, a nie ma na lekarza he has money to spend on pleasures, but he can’t afford a doctor
    - nie miał na nowe buty, a co dopiero na samochód he couldn’t afford a pair of new shoes, let alone a car
    - mieć za co coś zrobić to have enough money to do sth, to be able to afford to do sth
    - nie mieli za co wyjechać na wakacje they didn’t have enough to go on holiday, they couldn’t afford to go on holiday
    - nie mają z czego żyć they don’t have enough to live on
    - jak masz na imię? what’s your name?
    - mam na imię Maria my name’s Maria
    - (on) ma na nazwisko Nowak his (sur)name is Nowak
    - mieć coś na sobie to have sth on, to be wearing sth
    - miał (na sobie) granatowy garnitur he had a blue suit on, he was wearing a blue suit
    - na głowie miała kapelusz, na szyi biały szalik she had a hat on her head and a white scarf round her neck
    - mieć kogoś u siebie (gościć) to have sb staying with one
    - od tygodnia mamy u siebie teściów we’ve had my in-laws (staying) with us for the past week
    - jeśli Legia wygra, mam u ciebie piwo! you owe me a beer if Legia win(s)
    - masz!/macie! (weź/weźcie) here!
    - macie kanapki, jedzcie! here’s the sandwiches, eat up! pot.
    - masz, włóż to na siebie! here, put this on!
    - (a) masz! (zadając razy) take that!
    - (a) masz za to, że kłamiesz, a masz, a masz! (and) take that for lying! and that! and that! pot.
    - masz za swoje! (dobrze ci tak) serves you right!
    - ma za swoje, że jest taki naiwny it serves him right for being so naive
    - mamy teraz za swoje dobre serce! that’s the thanks we get for being nice a. for all our kindness!
    - masz ci (los) a. masz tobie! blast (it)! pot., damn (it)! pot.
    - masz ci los, zapomniałam parasola! blast, I’ve forgotten my umbrella!
    - masz go/ją/ich! (wyrażające zaskoczenie) just look at him/her/them!
    - masz go, jaki mądrala! look at him, Mr Clever Dick! GB pot.
    2. (liczyć sobie) to be
    - mieć dwadzieścia lat to be twenty (years old)
    - ile ona ma lat? how old is she?
    - mieć dwa metry wzrostu/wysokości to be two metres tall/high
    - mieć sześć metrów głębokości/szerokości/długości to be six metres deep/wide/long
    - pokój ma sześć metrów na pięć the room is six by five metres
    - dom będzie miał siedem pięter the house will be seven storeys high a. will have seven storeys
    - kilometr ma tysiąc metrów one kilometre is a thousand metres
    3. (posiadać jako cechę) to have (got)
    - pokój ma dwa okna the room has two windows
    - miał niebieskie oczy/siwe włosy he had blue eyes/grey hair
    - miała dziurawe buty she had holes in her shoes
    - kubek ma wyszczerbiony brzeg the mug’s rim is chipped
    - miała męża Włocha/inżyniera her husband was Italian/an engineer
    - mieć talent/cierpliwość/odwagę to have talent/patience/courage
    - nie mieć talentu/cierpliwości/odwagi to lack talent/patience/courage
    - mieć takt/rozsądek to be tactful/sensible
    - mieć (swoje) wady i zalety to have one’s good and bad points
    - zasłony mają kolor wiśni the curtains are cherry red in colour
    - działka ma kształt prostokąta a. prostokątny the allotment is rectangular (in shape)
    - jej perfumy miały słodkawy zapach/zapach konwalii her scent was sweet smelling/smelled of lily of the valley
    - urodę miała po matce, a talent po ojcu her looks came from her mother and her talent from her father
    - za całe umeblowanie pokój miał zdezelowany stół the only piece of furniture in the room was a rickety table
    - mieć w sobie coś (być interesującym) to have a certain something
    - on ma w sobie coś z dziecka/roztargnionego profesora there is something of the child/the absent-minded professor in a. about him
    - nie mieć nic do czegoś to have nothing to do with sth
    - jej wyjazd nie ma nic do naszych planów her going away has nothing to do with our plans
    - marzenia mają to do siebie, że rzadko się spełniają the thing about dreams is that they rarely come true
    - miała to do siebie, że zawsze się spóźniała the thing about her was that she was always late
    4. (o stanie fizycznym i psychicznym) to have [grypę, gruźlicę, trudności]; to feel [ochotę, żal]; to have, to bear [urazę]
    - mieć gorączkę a. temperaturę to have a. be running a temperature
    - mieć 39° gorączki to have a temperature of 39 degrees
    - mieć złamaną nogę to have a broken leg
    - mieć częste bóle głowy to have frequent headaches
    - mieć pragnienie to be thirsty
    - mieć dobry apetyt to have a good a. hearty appetite
    - mieć wadę a. defekt to have a defect
    - mieć gumę pot. (w samochodzie) to have a flat pot.
    - mam nadzieję, że… I hope that…
    - mieć ochotę coś zrobić to feel like doing sth
    - miała ochotę płakać she felt like crying
    - mieć przekonanie/pewność, że… to be convinced/sure a. certain that…
    - mieć kogoś/czegoś dość a. dosyć to have had enough of sb/sth, to be fed up with sb/sth
    - mam tego powyżej uszu a. po dziurki w nosie! pot. I’ve had it up to here! pot.
    - mieć coś wypisane w oczach a. na czole a. na twarzy to have sth written all over one’s face
    - miała winę wypisaną na twarzy she had guilt written all over her face
    5. (o relacjach między ludźmi) to have [syna, córkę, przyjaciół, wrogów]
    - to dziecko nie ma matki/ojca this boy/girl has no mother/father
    - ona nie ma rodzeństwa she has no brothers or sisters
    - ona będzie miała dziecko she’s going to have a. she’s expecting a baby
    - miała z nim dwóch synów she had two sons by him
    - miał za żonę piekielnicę his wife was a real she-devil a. spitfire
    - nie miał do kogo zwrócić się o pomoc he had no-one to turn to for help
    - mieć kogoś przy sobie a. obok siebie a. przy boku to have sb at one’s side
    - mieć kogoś/coś na uwadze a. na względzie to have sb/sth in mind, to take sb/sth into consideration
    - mieć z kimś porachunki to have a bone to pick with sb
    - mieć kogoś/coś przeciwko sobie to have sb/sth against one
    - miał przeciwko sobie opinię publiczną public opinion was against him
    - mieć przyjemność/zaszczyt coś zrobić książk. to have the pleasure/honour to do a. of doing sth
    - miałem zaszczyt poznać pańskich rodziców I had the honour of meeting your parents
    - mam przyjemność przedstawić państwu naszego gościa I have the pleasure of introducing our guest
    - z kim mam przyjemność? książk. to whom do I have the honour of speaking? książk., także iron.
    - mieć coś/nie mieć nic przeciwko komuś/czemuś to have something/nothing against sb/sth
    - mieć coś do kogoś pot. to have something against sb
    - do ciebie nic nie mam I’ve got nothing against you
    - mieć coś na kogoś to have the goods a. the dope on sb pot.
    - niczego na mnie nie mają they’ve got nothing on me pot.
    - mam z nią do pomówienia a. pogadania I need to have a (serious) talk with her
    - mieć kogoś nad sobą to have sb above one
    - kierownik ma nad sobą dyrektora, a dyrektor – zarząd the manager answers to the director and the director answers to the board
    - mieć kogoś pod sobą to be in charge of sb
    - (ona) ma pod sobą dwudziestu pracowników she’s in charge of a staff of twenty
    - kapral miał pod sobą dziesięciu żołnierzy the corporal had ten men under his command a. under him
    - mieć kogoś za sobą (być popieranym) to have sb behind one, to have sb’s backing
    - mieli za sobą większość the majority was a. were behind them, they had the majority behind them
    - mieć kogoś za głupca to take sb for a fool
    - ich zachowanie mam za nieco naiwne I consider their behaviour rather naive
    - za kogo pan mnie ma! who do you take me for!, who do you think I am!
    - mieć w kimś rywala/sojusznika to have a rival/an ally in sb
    - mieć kogoś pot. (być związanym z kimś) to have somebody, to be involved with somebody
    - chwalił się, że miał je wszystkie pot. (odbył stosunek) he boasted of having had them all pot.
    - płacą tak dużo, że mogą mieć każdego they pay so much they can take on a. hire anyone they like
    6. (znajdować się w jakiejś sytuacji) to have (got) [długi, posadę, połączenie]
    - mam dobrą komunikację do pracy I’ve got good connections to work
    - centrum miasta ma dobrą komunikację z przedmieściami there are good connections from the city centre to the suburbs
    - mieć słuszność a. rację to be right
    - mieć ciepło/przytulnie to be warm/cosy
    - owinęła dziecko szalem, żeby miało ciepło she put a scarf round the baby to keep him/her warm
    - mam daleko/blisko do szkoły I have a long way/I don’t have far to go to school
    - ty to masz dobrze, nie musisz wstawać o siódmej it’s alright for you, you don’t have to get up at seven (a.m.)
    - mieliśmy tu wczoraj burzę/śnieżycę we had a storm/snowstorm here yesterday
    - mamy dziś słoneczną pogodę it’s sunny today
    - mam dziś kiepski dzień I’m having one of those days (today)
    - kłopotów z nim miałam co niemiara I’ve had no end of trouble with him
    - co ja z tobą mam? what am I to do with you?
    - jest całkiem młoda, chciałaby jeszcze mieć coś z życia she’s still very young, she’d like to get something out of life pot.
    - (on) haruje od świtu do nocy i co z tego ma? he slaves away from morning to night, and what does he have to show for it?
    - miał przed sobą kilka godzin marszu he had several hours of walking ahead of a. in front of him
    - miała przed sobą trudną rozmowę z szefem she had a difficult conversation with the boss ahead of her
    - mieć przed sobą przyszłość to have a (bright) future ahead of a. before one
    - miał przed sobą karierę he had a brilliant career ahead of a. in front of him
    - mieć coś za a. poza sobą to have sth behind one
    - ma za sobą trzyletnie doświadczenie he has three years’ experience behind him
    - mam już to wszystko za sobą all that is behind me now
    - mam co robić, nie nudzę się I’ve got things to do, I don’t sit around
    - nie mieć gdzie mieszkać/spać to have nowhere to live/sleep
    - nie mam gdzie przenocować I have nowhere to spend the night
    - nie mieć kiedy spać/jeść/odpocząć to not have time to sleep/eat/relax
    - nie mają kiedy w ścianach wiercić, tylko w niedzielę! of course, they have to drill holes in the wall on a Sunday!
    - mieć czas to have time (coś zrobić to do sth)
    - nie miałem czasu zająć się twoją sprawą I didn’t have time to deal with your problem
    - na napisanie wypracowania macie godzinę you have an hour to write the essay
    - nie miałeś mi tu kogo przyprowadzić!? why did you have to bring him/her/them here (of all people)?!
    - mieć coś/nie mieć nic do powiedzenia (dużo/mało wiedzieć) to have something/nothing to say (na temat kogoś/czegoś about sb/sth)
    - mieć coś/nie mieć nic do powiedzenia a. gadania pot. (o decydującym głosie) to have a say/no say
    - ona nie ma w tej sprawie nic do powiedzenia a. gadania she has no say in the matter
    - nie mamy już sobie nic więcej do powiedzenia we’ve got nothing more to say to each other
    - mieć zły/dobry czas Sport to have a poor/good a. fast time
    - mieć pierwsze/dziesiąte miejsce Sport to come first/tenth, to be in first/tenth place
    - mam z nią wielką wygodę, sprząta, robi mi zakupy she’s a great help to me: she cleans and does my shopping
    - nie masz co narzekać you’ve got nothing to complain about
    - nie masz co się denerwować there’s no reason (for you) to get upset
    - nie masz czego a. co żałować, film był kiepski you didn’t miss much: the film was hopeless
    - w domu nie masz co się pokazywać you’d better not show your face at home pot.
    7. (brać udział) to have [zebranie, koncert, egzamin, próbę]
    - (on) ma teraz naradę ze swym zastępcą he’s in conference at the moment with his deputy
    - mieć sprawę a. proces to be on trial (o coś/o zrobienie czegoś for sth/for doing sth)
    - ma sprawę a. proces o zabójstwo/spowodowanie wypadku samochodowego he’s on trial for murder/causing a car accident
    8. (ukończyć etap nauki) to have, to hold [dyplom, tytuł]
    - mieć studia a. wyższe wykształcenie to have completed higher education
    - mój ojciec miał tylko cztery klasy my father only did four years at school
    - miał już zawód i mógł rozpocząć samodzielne życie he’d completed his training and could now start his own life
    - miał dwa fakultety he had graduated in two subjects
    9. (znaleźć się w określonym miejscu lub czasie) wreszcie mamy stację here’s the station at last
    - mamy drugi tydzień zimy it’s the second week of winter
    - którego dziś mamy? what’s the date today?
    - mamy dziś pierwszy stycznia/poniedziałek it’s January the 1st/Monday today
    - którą masz godzinę? what time do you make it? pot.; what’s the time by your watch?
    - mieć kogoś/coś po prawej/lewej stronie to have sb/sth on one’s right/left
    - miał przed/za sobą dwóch strażników he had a. there were two guards in front of him/behind him
    Ⅱ v aux. 1. (dla wyrażenia powinności) macie teraz spać you’re to a. you have to (get off to) sleep now
    - masz to zrobić natychmiast! you’re to do it right now!
    - co mam zrobić/jej powiedzieć? what am I (supposed) to do/tell her?
    - po co się mam wysilać? why should I bother?, why should I make the effort?
    - masz tego nikomu nie powtarzać! (and) don’t go repeating a. telling it to anyone!
    - i ja mam w to uwierzyć? and you/they want me to a. I’m supposed to believe that?
    - mieć coś do zrobienia to have sth to do
    - ma obowiązek do spełnienia s/he has a duty to perform
    - mam sprawę do załatwienia I’ve got something to sort out
    - mamy zaległości do odrobienia we’ve got a backlog of work to catch up on
    2. (zamiar, przewidywanie) (ona) ma przyjść o drugiej she’s expected (to come) at two
    - miano zburzyć ich dom their house was to be demolished
    - samolot miał wylądować w Warszawie, ale… the plane was supposed to land a. have landed in Warsaw, but…
    - podobno jutro ma być ładna pogoda it’s supposed to be good a. nice weather tomorrow
    - w pozostałej części kraju ma nadal padać in the rest of the country continuing rain is expected
    - miała umrzeć w nędzy w wieku czterdziestu lat she was to die in poverty at the age of forty
    - przyszłość miała pokazać, że się myli subsequent events were to prove him/her wrong
    - jak się miało okazać as things a. it turned out; as it transpired książk.
    - i co ja mam z tobą zrobić? what am I (supposed) to do with you?
    - jeśli mielibyśmy się nie zobaczyć przed twoim wyjazdem, baw się dobrze in case we don’t see each other before you leave, have a good time
    - niech się stanie, co się ma stać let things happen as they will
    - właśnie miałem wyjść, kiedy zadzwonił telefon I was just about to leave a. just on the point of leaving when the phone rang
    - właśnie miałam powiedzieć to samo I was just about to a. just going to say the same thing
    - czy mam przez to rozumieć, że… am I to understand (by that) that…
    - mieć coś do sprzedania/zaproponowania to have sth to sell/propose
    - choćby a. żeby nie wiem co się miało stać, (to)… no matter what happens a. might happen…
    - choćbym a. żebym miał pęknąć a. trupem paść pot. even if it kills me pot.
    3. (rezultat) mieć coś zrobione to have sth done
    - mam już napisaną pracę I’ve already written the essay
    - miał ukończone wyższe studia he had been to university/college
    - czy macie załatwione bilety? have you booked/got the tickets?
    - pieniądze mam dobrze schowane I’ve put the money in a safe place
    - mam obiecaną podwyżkę I’ve been promised a rise
    - miał przykazane trzymać język za zębami he was a. he’d been told to keep his mouth shut pot.
    4. (zdziwienie, rozczarowanie) ja miałbym to powiedzieć? I said that?!
    - ona miałaby mi się podobać? you think I find her attractive?
    - miałbyś sumienie to zrobić? could you do (something like) that (with a clear conscience)?
    - to ma być hotel czterogwiazdkowy? (z dezaprobatą) and you/they call this a. this is supposed to be a four-star hotel?!
    - ten grubas to miałbym być ja!? (z niedowierzaniem) is this/that fatso really me? pot.
    - pokazał nam skórę tygrysa, którego miał upolować w Afryce (z powątpiewaniem) he showed us the skin of a tiger, which he is supposed to have killed in Africa
    Ⅲ mieć się 1. (być w stanie, położeniu) to be; (czuć się) to feel, to be
    - ciotka wyzdrowiała i ma się dobrze auntie has recovered and is doing well
    - jak się mają twoi rodzice? how are your parents?
    - jak się masz! (powitanie) how are you?; how’s it going? pot.
    - mam się dzisiaj lepiej I feel better today
    - sprawy mają się nieźle things are working out (quite) well
    - jak się rzeczy mają? how do things stand?
    - rzecz ma się tak, że… the thing is that…
    - jak te dwie wersje mają się do siebie? how do the two versions compare?
    - jak to się ma jedno do drugiego? how do the two compare?
    - teoria nijak się miała do praktyki the theory was (completely) divorced from practice
    - A tak się ma do B, jak C do D a. A i B tak się mają do siebie, jak C i D A is to B like C is to D
    - mieli się do siebie jak dzień do nocy they were like chalk and cheese
    2. (uważać się za) to think a. consider oneself
    - mieć się za artystę/człowieka honoru to consider oneself (to be) an artist/a man of honour
    - (on) ma się za Bóg wie co pot. he thinks he’s God (almighty) pot.
    - miała się za bliską śmierci she thought she was about to a. going to die
    3. (być bliskim) mieć się ku końcowi to be drawing to a close a. an end
    - miało się a. dzień miał się ku zachodowi it was getting towards sunset
    - sytuacja ma się ku lepszemu the situation is looking better
    - ma się na deszcz it looks like rain
    - miało się na burzę a storm was brewing, there was thunder in the air
    - wiedzieć, jak się rzeczy mają to know how things stand a. are
    Ⅳ ma Fin. (zapis księgowy) credit
    - winien i ma debit and credit
    - zapisać coś po stronie „ma” to enter sth on the credit side
    Ⅴ mam! inter. (przypomniałem sobie) I’ve got it!
    - (już) mam! mieszkaliśmy na tej samej ulicy! I’ve got it! we used to live in the same street!
    - mam cię! a. tu cię mam! (złapałem cię, przyłapałem cię) I’ve got you!; got you! pot.
    - mam cię, już mi nie uciekniesz! got you, you won’t get away now!
    Ⅵ nie ma być
    ■ ma się rozumieć a. wiedzieć! it a. that goes without saying!
    - ma się rozumieć, że przyjdę of course I’ll come
    - mieć głowę a. łebpot. (na karku a. nie od parady) to have a good head on one’s shoulders
    - on to ma łeb! he’s no fool!
    - mieć głowę do interesów to have a good head for business
    - nie mam teraz do tego głowy I don’t want to think about it/that now
    - mieć kogoś/coś w nosiepot. a. gdzieśeuf. a. w głębokim poważaniueuf. to not care a damn about sb/sth pot.; to not give a monkey’s about sb/sth pot., euf.
    - mam to wszystko gdzieś! pot. to hell with it all! pot.
    - mieć kogoś/coś w dupie wulg. to not give a shit a. toss GB about sb/sth wulg.
    - sie masz! pot. (powitanie) hi! pot.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > m|ieć

  • 18 avere

    1. v/t have
    avere 20 anni be 20 (years old)
    avere fame/sonno be hungry/sleepy
    avere caldo/freddo be hot/cold
    avere qualcosa da fare have something to do
    avercela con qualcuno have it in for someone
    che hai? what's up with you?
    2. v/aux have
    hai visto Tony? have you seen Tony?
    hai vistoTony ieri? did you see Tony yesterday?
    3. m finance credit
    dare e avere debits and credits
    averi m pl wealth sg
    * * *
    avere s.m.
    1 ( patrimonio) property, possession; estate; riches (pl.): perse tutti i suoi averi al gioco, he gambled away all his possessions (o everything he had)
    2 (comm.) assets (pl.); (amm.) assets side, credit side, credit: a quanto ammonta il suo avere?, what are his assets? // a vostro avere, to your credit // dare e avere, debit and credit.
    avere v. ausiliare ( nella formazione dei tempi composti) to have: ho letto il tuo libro, I've read your book; ''Hai finito?'' ''Non ancora'', ''Have you finished?'' ''Not yet''; Maria ha appena telefonato, Mary has just phoned; avevamo già visto quel film, we had already seen that film; se avessi avuto tempo, ti avrei accompagnato, if I had had time, I would have gone with you; non avendo avuto risposta, pensai che non ci fosse nessuno, not having got (o not having had) any reply, I thought there was no one in; deve aver avuto molti problemi in famiglia, he must have had a lot of family problems
    ◆ v.tr.
    1 ( possedere) to have (got) (nell'uso amer. le forme interr. e neg. richiedono l'ausiliare do): hanno una casa in campagna, they have (o they've got) a house in the country; sua madre ha molti gioielli, her mother's got a lot of jewellery; ha gli occhi azzurri e i capelli biondi, she's got fair hair and blue eyes; aveva una bella voce, she had a lovely voice; per ottenere quel posto, occorre avere la laurea in economia e commercio, to get that job you need (to have) a degree in economics; avere la febbre, il raffreddore, to have a temperature, a cold; non ho soldi, I haven't got (amer. I don't have) any money; ''Hai la macchina?'' ''No, non ce l'ho'', ''Have you got (amer. do you have) a car?'' ''No, I haven't (amer. No, I don't)'' // avere il diritto di fare qlco., to have a (o the) right to do sthg.: ho il diritto di sapere dove sei stato, I have a right to know where you've been; avere del sadico, to have a cruel streak // avere di qlcu., qlco. ( rassomigliargli), to have a look of s.o., sthg.: ha ( molto) di suo padre, he has a look of his father
    2 ( tenere) to have: ha sempre le mani in tasca, he has his hands in his pockets all the time; non avevo niente in mano, I had nothing (o I didn't have anything) in my hands; aveva un giornale sotto il braccio, he had a newspaper under his arm
    3 ( indossare) to have on, to wear*: aveva un abito nuovo, she had a new dress on; aveva ( addosso) un vecchio cappotto, she was wearing an old coat; ha sempre gli occhiali, he always wears glasses; non aveva niente addosso, he had nothing on
    4 (acquistare, ottenere, ricevere) to get*: avere un incarico, un premio, un lavoro, to get a post, a prize, a job; ha avuto 100.000 euro dalla vendita della casa, he got 100,000 euros from the sale of his house // vedrò se posso averlo a metà prezzo, I'll see if I can get it for half price // avere una casa in eredità, to inherit a house
    5 (sentire, provare) to feel*: avere compassione per qlcu., to feel sorry for s.o.; avere voglia di piangere, to feel like crying; non ho nessuna simpatia per quel genere di comportamento, I don't feel any sympathy for that kind of behaviour; avere caldo, freddo, to feel hot, cold ∙ In questo significato è spesso reso in ingl. col v. to be: avere fame, to be hungry; avere sete, to be thirsty; avere paura, to be afraid; avere vergogna, to be ashamed; avere interesse per qlco., to be interested in sthg.; avere sonno, to be sleepy // avere sentore di qlco., to get wind of sthg.
    6 avere da, ( dovere) to have to (do sthg.): ho da lavorare tutto il giorno, I have (got) to work all day; non avete che da rispondere 'sì' o 'no', you have only (got) to say 'yes' or 'no' // Nella forma interr. o negativa richiede l'ausiliare do o il rafforzamento con got: hai molto da studiare per domani?, have you got (o do you have) much studying to do for tomorrow?; non abbiamo niente da fare stasera, we haven't got (o we don't have) anything to do this evening
    7 (con uso impers.) ( verificarsi) to be: si è avuto un calo delle nascite, there has been a drop in the birthrate; i meteorologi prevedono che si avrà un aumento della nuvolosità sull'arco alpino, the weathermen say there will be an increase in cloud over the Alps // non si è avuto l'esito sperato, we didn't get the result we'd hoped for.
    ◆ FRASEOLOGIA: che hai?, what's the matter with you? // ''Quanti anni hai?'' ''Ho sedici anni'', ''How old are you?'' ''I'm sixteen'' // avere bisogno, to need: non ho bisogno di aiuto, I don't need any help // avere in odio, to hate // avere una mezza intenzione di fare qlco., to have half a mind to do sthg. // avere parte, to take part (in) // avere sembianza, to look like // avere a mente, to remember // avere a cuore, to have at heart // avere ragione, torto, to be right, wrong // non avere niente a che fare con qlcu., qlco., to have nothing to do with s.o., sthg. //avercela con qlcu., to have it in for s.o. // aversela a male, to take offence, to be offended: non avertela a male se non vengo alla festa, don't be offended if I don't come to the party //avere qlcu. dalla propria parte, to have s.o. on one's side // avere molte probabilità di riuscire, to stand a good chance (of succeeding) // avere per regola di fare qlco., to make it a rule to do sthg.
    * * *
    1. [a'vere]
    vb irreg vt
    1) (gen) to have, (ricevere, ottenere) to get, (indossare) to wear, have on

    non ha soldi — he has no money, he doesn't have any money, he hasn't got any money

    2) (età, forma, colore) to be

    quanti anni hai? — how old are you?

    ha 2 anni più di me — he's two years older than me

    3)

    (tempo) ne hai ancora per molto? — have you got much longer to go?

    ne avremo ancora per due giorni prima di arrivare a Londra — we've got another two days to go before we get to London

    quanti ne abbiamo oggi? — what's the date today?

    4)

    (fraseologia) averne fin sopra i capelli fam — to be fed up to the teeth

    ce l'hai con me? — are you angry with me?

    cos'hai? — what's wrong o what's the matter (with you)?

    avere qc da fare — to have sth to do

    ho ancora due lettere da scrivere — I have to o must write another two letters, I've still got two letters to write

    non hai che da dirglielo — you only have to tell him

    non hai da preoccuparti per me — you don't have to o needn't worry about me

    ma cos'hai da lamentarti? — what have you got to complain about?

    questo non ha niente a che vedere o fare con me — that's got nothing to do with me

    2. vb aus

    (con participio passato) lo hai/avevi sentito? — have/had you heard from him?

    quando l'avrò visto, ti dirò — when I've seen him, I'll let you know

    3. vb impers

    si è avuto un risultato imprevisto — there was a surprising result

    ieri si è avuto un abbassamento di temperatura — there was a drop in temperature yesterday

    4. sm
    1)

    il dare e l'avere Fin — debits and credits pl

    2)

    (ricchezze) gli averi smpl — wealth sg, fortune sg

    * * *
    I 1. [a'vere]
    verbo transitivo
    1) (possedere) to have* (got), to own [macchina, casa, libro]; to hold* [azioni, carta da gioco, diploma]

    non ho una, la macchina — I don't own a car, I don't have a car

    avere gli occhi azzurri, i capelli corti — to have blue eyes, short hair

    4) (in rapporti di parentela) to have* [moglie, figli, sorella]
    5) (contenere, annoverare) to have* [abitanti, dipendenti, stanze, piani]
    6) (con indicazione di età, tempo)
    7) (ottenere, ricevere)

    ha avuto il primo premio — he got o won first prize

    avere buone notizie — to receive o get good news

    avere notizie di qcn. — to hear from sb

    8) (tenere) to have*, to keep*

    avere qcs. a portata di mano — to have o keep sth. at hand

    9) (indossare) to wear*, to have* on
    10) (provare, sentire)

    avere caldo, sonno, fame, paura — to be hot, sleepy, hungry, afraid

    avere voglia di fare qcs. — to feel like doing sth., to be in the mood for doing sth.

    avere l'impressione che... — to get the impression that

    11) (entrare in possesso di, acquistare) to get*
    12) (mettere al mondo) to have* [ bambino]
    13) (soffrire di, essere affetto da) to have*

    avere mal di testa, la febbre, il o un cancro — to have (got) a headache, a temperature, cancer

    14) (incontrare, trovare) to have* [difficoltà, problemi]
    15) (fare, mostrare)
    16) avere da (dovere) to have* to, must*

    avercela con qcn. — to have a grouch against sb., to have it in for sb., to have a down o be down on sb

    2.
    ausiliare to have*
    3.
    verbo impersonale (aus. essere)
    ••

    chi ha avuto ha avuto — prov. let bygones be bygones

    chi più ha più vuole — prov. much wants more

    II [a'vere]
    sostantivo maschile
    1) (patrimonio) property U

    gli -i — possessions, belongings

    2) comm. (credito) credit, assets pl.
    * * *
    avere1
    /a'vere/ [5]
     1 (possedere) to have* (got), to own [macchina, casa, libro]; to hold* [azioni, carta da gioco, diploma]; non ho una, la macchina I don't own a car, I don't have a car
     2 (trovarsi a disposizione) ho ancora una settimana di vacanze I still have a week's holiday left; avere tempo to have (got) time; hai un attimo di tempo per aiutarmi? can you spare the time to help me? hai da accendere? have you got a light?
     3 (presentare caratteristiche fisiche o morali) to have*; avere gli occhi azzurri, i capelli corti to have blue eyes, short hair; avere la barba to wear a beard; hai la camicia sporca your shirt is dirty
     4 (in rapporti di parentela) to have* [moglie, figli, sorella]
     5 (contenere, annoverare) to have* [abitanti, dipendenti, stanze, piani]
     6 (con indicazione di età, tempo) quanti anni hai? how old are you? hanno la stessa età they are the same age; quanti ne abbiamo oggi? what's the date today?
     7 (ottenere, ricevere) ha avuto il primo premio he got o won first prize; ho avuto la parte! I got the part! avere buone notizie to receive o get good news; avere notizie di qcn. to hear from sb.
     8 (tenere) to have*, to keep*; avere qcs. a portata di mano to have o keep sth. at hand; che hai in mano? what have you got in your hand?
     9 (indossare) to wear*, to have* on
     10 (provare, sentire) avere caldo, sonno, fame, paura to be hot, sleepy, hungry, afraid; avere voglia di fare qcs. to feel like doing sth., to be in the mood for doing sth.; (che) cos'hai? what's the matter with you? what's wrong? avere l'impressione che... to get the impression that...
     11 (entrare in possesso di, acquistare) to get*; l'ho avuto a poco prezzo I got it at a low price
     12 (mettere al mondo) to have* [ bambino]
     13 (soffrire di, essere affetto da) to have*; avere mal di testa, la febbre, il o un cancro to have (got) a headache, a temperature, cancer
     14 (incontrare, trovare) to have* [difficoltà, problemi]
     15 (fare, mostrare) avere uno scatto di rabbia to have a fit of anger
     16 avere da (dovere) to have* to, must*; ho da lavorare I have to work
     17 avercela avercela con qcn. to have a grouch against sb., to have it in for sb., to have a down o be down on sb.
     to have*; l'ho appena fatto I've just done it; l'hai mai visto? have you ever seen him? oggi non ho studiato today I haven't studied; se l'avessi saputo if I had known
     (aus. essere) si avranno inondazioni there will be flooding
    chi ha avuto ha avuto prov. let bygones be bygones; chi più ha più vuole prov. much wants more.
    \
    See also notes... (avere.pdf)
    ————————
    avere2
    /a'vere/
    sostantivo m.
     1 (patrimonio) property U; gli -i possessions, belongings
     2 comm. (credito) credit, assets pl.; il dare e l'avere debit and credit.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > avere

  • 19 desayunar

    v.
    1 to have breakfast.
    2 to have for breakfast.
    * * *
    1 to have breakfast, breakfast
    1 to have for breakfast
    1 to have breakfast
    \
    ahora me desayuno (enterarse) that's the first I've heard of it
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1.
    2.
    VI
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to have... for breakfast
    2.
    desayunar vi to have breakfast
    3.
    desayunarse v pron
    1) (AmL) ( tomar el desayuno) to have breakfast

    se desayunó muy bien — he had o ate a good breakfast

    2)
    a) (AmL fam) ( enterarse) to find out
    b) (Chi fam) ( sorprenderse) to be amazed (colloq)

    me desayuno con lo que me cuentas — I'm amazed at o by what you're telling me

    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to have... for breakfast
    2.
    desayunar vi to have breakfast
    3.
    desayunarse v pron
    1) (AmL) ( tomar el desayuno) to have breakfast

    se desayunó muy bien — he had o ate a good breakfast

    2)
    a) (AmL fam) ( enterarse) to find out
    b) (Chi fam) ( sorprenderse) to be amazed (colloq)

    me desayuno con lo que me cuentas — I'm amazed at o by what you're telling me

    * * *
    desayunar [A1 ]
    vt
    to have … for breakfast
    sólo desayuna café con tostadas she only has coffee and toast for breakfast
    ■ desayunar
    vi
    to have breakfast
    desayuna a las seis he has breakfast at six
    se vino sin desayunar she didn't have (any) breakfast before she came, she came without having had any breakfast
    A ( AmL) (tomar el desayuno) to have breakfast
    se desayunó muy bien he had o ate a good breakfast
    desayunarse CON algo to have sth FOR breakfast
    se desayuna con café y tostadas he has coffee and toast for breakfast
    B
    1 ( esp AmL fam) (enterarse) to find out
    ¿no lo sabías? — no, recién me desayuno didn't you know? — no, it's the first I've heard of it o I've only just found out
    desayunarse DE algo to hear ABOUT sth
    ¿ahora te desayunas de su renuncia? you hadn't heard about his resignation till now?
    2 ( Chi fam) (sorprenderse) to be amazed ( colloq)
    me desayuno con lo que me cuentas I'm amazed at o by what you're telling me
    * * *

    desayunar ( conjugate desayunar) verbo transitivo
    to have … for breakfast;
    ◊ ¿qué desayunaste? what did you have for breakfast?

    verbo intransitivo
    to have breakfast
    desayunarse verbo pronominal (AmL) ( tomar el desayuno) to have breakfast;
    desayunarse con algo to have sth for breakfast
    desayunar
    I verbo intransitivo to have breakfast
    frml to breakfast
    II verbo transitivo to have for breakfast

    ' desayunar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - apetecer
    - fuerte
    - remolonear
    - suiza
    - suizo
    - cereales
    English:
    after
    - breakfast
    - have
    * * *
    ♦ vi
    to have breakfast;
    tomo tostadas para desayunar I have toast for breakfast;
    cuando hayas acabado de desayunar, llámame call me when you've finished (having) breakfast
    ♦ vt
    to have for breakfast;
    siempre desayuno cereales I always have cereal for breakfast
    * * *
    I v/i have breakfast
    II v/t
    :
    desayunar algo have sth for breakfast
    * * *
    : to have breakfast
    : to have for breakfast
    * * *
    1. (tomar el desayuno) to have breakfast
    ¿has desayunado ya? have you had breakfast yet?
    2. (tomar para el desayuno) to have for breakfast

    Spanish-English dictionary > desayunar

  • 20 К-317

    У РАЗБИТОГО КОРЫТА остаться, оказаться, сидеть и т. п. К РАЗБИТОМУ КОРЙТУ вернуться both coll PrepP these forms only subj-compl with copula (subj: human or adv fixed WO
    (to be left) with nothing, having lost all one had gained, having had one's hopes in sth. thwarted etc: (be left) empty-handed
    (be left) with zilch (in limited contexts) (be) no better off than when one started (be) back to square one (be) (right) back where one started (be) back where one started again.
    Денежная реформа разорила его: деньги, которые он копил десять лет, превратились в бумагу, и он остался у разбитого корыта. The monetary reform impoverished him: the money he'd been saving for ten years turned into worthless paper and he was left with nothing.
    Думаю, получив срок, Убожко по крайней мере был утешен, что «невеста» осталась у разбитого корыта... (Амальрик 1). I would guess that when Ubozhko was sentenced, he at least felt consoled by the fact that his "ex-wife" was no better off than when she started... (1a).
    Вот мы и сидим опять у разбитого корыта, сказал Клеветник (Зиновьев 1). "We're back where we started again," said Slanderer (1a).
    From Aleksandr Pushkin's tale "The Fisherman and the Goldfish" («Сказка о рыбаке и рыбке»), 1835, in which the magic goldfish punishes the fisherman's greedy wife by taking back everything it has given her, leaving her with the same broken washtub she had before the goldfish appeared on the scene.

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > К-317

Страницы

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